A Case Study of Extracurricular Tutoring in English: Observation and Analysis文献综述

 2022-08-29 11:08:58

Literature reviews

Generally, the majority of the scholars hold that most parents send their children to extracurricular tutoring with the motivation to improve their childrenrsquo;s learning achievement. Some of their point of views are listed here:

With the increasing attention on improving student achievement, private tutoring has been expanding rapidly worldwide. However, the evidence on the effect of private tutoring is inconclusive for education researchers and policy makers. Employing a comprehensive dataset collected from China in 2010, this study tries to identify the effect of private tutoring on student achievement in the National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) of China. This study finds that private tutoring has mixed and heterogeneous effects on mathematics, Chinese language, and English language respectively and on the NCEE total score. The average effect of private tutoring is not significant, but it may have a significant and positive effect on urban students with lower achievement or in schools with certain quality. Students from schools with more educational inputs are more likely to benefit from private tutoring.[ 1.Yu Zhang, Economics of Education Review,2013,Vol.32,P1-28]

Suryadarma, Suryahadi, Sumarto, and Rogers (2006) finds no significant effect of private tutoring on Indonesiarsquo;s 4th graders using proportion of classmates taking lsquo;lsquo;extra-curricular coursesrsquo;rsquo; as the IV of lsquo;lsquo;extracurricular coursesrsquo;rsquo; participation. But since there is no clear definition of extracurricular courses in Suryadarma et al. (2006), it is difficult to judge whether the extracurricular course shares the same definition with private tutoring investigated in this study.

Dang (2007) uses the official hourly tutoring fee as the instrumental variable and finds a positive effect of private tutoring expenditure on academic ranking in Vietnam. The model is a joint tobit and ordered probit model. This is a well-designed study with an improved model and an appropriate IV. But per hour tutoring fee may not be exogenous because the local officials set the fees according to local living standards. Therefore, rich families who live in areas with higher living standards and better schools are more likely to face higher official hourly fee and poor families who live in areas with lower standards and low performing schools are more likely to face lower official fee. Since school quality and family background are proved to have influence on student achievement in many studies, the official hourly fee may not be exogenous.

Ono (2007) estimates the internal rate of return as a function of ronin 1 and college quality using the local college quality as the instrument for ronin participation, and finds that ronin increases earnings indirectly by improving the quality of the college attended. This study goes beyond test score and evaluates the effect of one kind of private tutoring on labor market earnings.

There are quite a few studies that do not control for endogeneity, and the findings are mixed. For example, some studies report a positive impact of private tutoring in Japan (Stevensonamp;Baker,1992), Taiwan(Liu,2012), Kenya (Buchmann, 2002), but some find negative impacts in Korea (Lee, Kim, amp; Yoon, 2004) and Singapore (Cheo amp;Quah, 2005). Thapa (2011) finds no effect of private tutoring if students are in private schools in Nepal. One should be conservative when citing these results. Regarding private

tutoring in China, a few empirical

Studies in this field recently emerged due to some available datasets. Over half of the urban students sampled have engaged in some kinds of private tutoring (Peng amp; Zhou, 2008;Xueamp;Ding,2009),evenforstudentsatthepreschool level (Xue amp; Ding, 2009). A larger proportion of students in provincial capitals than those in less developed counties receive private tutoring. Urban students are more likely to employ private tutoring than their rural counterparts (Lei, 2005). It is argued by some scholars that the main reasons for the expansion of private tutoring in China include the large disparities in educational quality, test-oriented education, high cultural value of education, as well as school teachersrsquo; need to increase income because of the increasing living expense and relatively low teacher salary (Xu, 2009).

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