文献综述
摘要：21世纪，建筑能耗问题已经成为人类最为关心的话题之一。目前，我国建筑能耗占能源总消费量的比重逐年上升，已从20世纪70年代末的10%，上升到近年的40%。因此，建筑物的节能问题是眼下亟待解决的。对于建筑物而言，节能实际上指减少采暖供热量。为此，就必须减少建筑物的传热损失和空气渗透损失。而传热损失和空气渗透损失又与建筑物的围护结构围护结构（包括门窗、外墙、屋面等）密切相关。据测算，一般居住建筑的传热损失约占全部热损失的77%，空气渗透损失约占23%。在传热损失中，外墙约占25%，窗户约占24%，楼梯间隔墙约占11%，屋面约占9%，阳台门下部约占3%，户门约占3%，地面约占2%。其中，门窗的传热损失与空气渗透损失相加，约占全部损失的50%。由此可见，加强建筑围护结构的保温，特别是加强窗户（包括阳台门）的保温性和气密性，是节约采暖能耗的关键环节。而气密性能又是建筑外门窗节能技术中的更为重要的一个指标，因此改善建筑外门窗的气密性能是减少由于对流传热所产生的能量传递的唯一途径。研究目的：1.通过门窗结构的优化改进，提高门窗气密性能，节约能源。2.与传统木门窗和西式门窗进行对比，得出不同断面结构门窗的气密性能。3.降低产品成本，实现工业化生产。研究意义：1.门窗节能符合国家节能降耗方针，节约能源2.门窗节能有利于传统民居改良，继承和发扬传统建筑文化。3.门窗节能有利于木结构建筑的推广。
关键词：气密性 围护结构 建筑能耗
Abstract: In the 21st century, building energy consumption problem has become one of the most concerned topics. At present, the building energy consumption accounts for the proportion of total energy consumption increased year by year, from 10% in the late 1970 s, rose to 40% in recent years. So, the problem of building energy saving is to be solved at the moment. Actually refers to reduce heating heating for buildings. To this end, we must reduce the structure of the heat transfer loss and air permeability loss. Then heat loss and air permeability loss are closely related to building palisade structure of retaining structure (including doors and Windows, walls, roof, etc.) . According to estimates, general residential building heat loss accounts for about 77% of the total heat loss, air permeability loss accounts for about 23%. In the heat transfer loss, accounted for about 25% of the external walls, Windows accounts for about 24%, stair interval wall accounted for about 11%, roof accounts for about 9%, the balcony door accounted for about 3%, door accounted for about 3%, the ground accounts for about 2%. Among them, the loss of heat transfer in the window and air permeability loss additive, accounts for about 47% of the total losses. Therefore, to strengthen building palisade structure heat preservation, especially strengthen the Windows (including the balcony door) insulation and air tightness, which is a key link in the process of heating energy saving. The airtight performance is outside building doors and Windows of energy saving technology is more important to an indicator, so improving outside building doors and Windows of airtight performance is reduced due to the convection heat transfer of the only way to energy transfer. Research purposes: 1. Through the optimization of the doors and Windows structure improvement, improve the door airtight performance, save energy. 2. Comparing with the traditional wooden doors and Windows and western doors and Windows, it is concluded that different cross section structure of door window airtight performance and insulation performance. 3. Reduce the product cost, the realization of industrial production. Research significance: 1. The doors and Windows energy saving in line with the national energy saving policy, energy saving 2. Doors and Windows energy saving is advantageous to the improvement of traditional folk house, inherit and carry forward the traditional architectural culture. 3. Doors and Windows energy saving is beneficial to promotion of wood construction.
Key words: Air tightness Retaining structure Building energy consumption
国外发达国家住宅窗几乎都使用节能窗。以德国法国、意大利等为代表的西欧国家，大量使用非金属材料(PVC和中空玻璃)。美国节能窗种类很多，其中以PVC加木芯组合成高级节能门窗为最多。其次是铝合金加ABS冷桥加铝合金结构节能窗。第三是PVC中空玻璃节能窗。第四是仿铝合金小断面而高强度变性PVC节能窗，外观同铝合金窗相似。第五是新发明的木纤维复合材料—Fibrex高级节能窗。日本与中国台湾地区主要以铝合金带冷桥为主的节能窗。近两年又研制成功一面多色PVC材料，一面多色铝合金型材组合成节能窗。他们很好的解决了两种线热膨胀系数差距很大的组合技术问题。上述节能窗几乎100％使用高级中空玻璃，并实现了中空玻璃多功能化。还可在中空玻璃内侧喷涂防爆材料，起到防盗效果。内侧喷涂热反射高热阻透明材料，使中空玻璃热传导指数达到K=2.2~2.5W／m2.K[3]。
发达国家门窗市场截止2010年为止，节能门窗的总规模为2.8亿平方米，其中北美1.2亿平方米,欧洲1.6亿平方来。发达国家节能门窗发展已经非常成熟，各项政策非常完备，如欧洲共同体规定实施的建筑节能性能指标，并规定国家性规范标准的修订周期不能大于5年。同时推行节能窗的标识体系，如英国门窗等级认定委员会推出的节能门窗(BFRC)标识，美国国家等级认定委员会推行的NFRC标识，完善的法规和标识体系催生了门窗各组件技术全方位提升 [14]。
日本、美国两个建筑低能耗国家大量使用推拉、提拉窗，为了达到较好的密封性，对密封毛条作了两个层面的提升。1.推广应用节能加片毛条。在一般毛条中间加PP塑料膜可有效阻隔水气的流动。经权威机构的检测加片毛条的密封性能是普通毛条的5倍。现在美国的三层加片毛条，广泛应用于工程中，达到7～8倍的密封效果。2.研制开发0型毛条，效果接近胶条。在普通毛条外围加一圈龙膜，形成0型，具有胶条的良好效果，但与胶条相比推拉更顺畅。通过对密封毛条的创新来提高推拉窗的气密性能是比较简单经济的方法[9]。
